Rhetorical Uses in Writing Persuasion

Rhetoric is the art of language where effective persuasion rests in catering to the three appeals of the audience:  Logos, Pathos, and Ethos. Popular with Aristotle and Plato, its primary goal is not to discover truth (like Socrates’ Dialectical Method), but to persuade people.

Logos

Logos is the logic and reason of the information. This is prevalent in the academic environment such as school papers, journal articles, and so forth. This would include inductive and deductive reasoning, research and citations, definitions, statistics, expert opinion, analogies, and relevance of facts.

Pathos

Pathos is the emotion of the information. Advertisers use this method primarily because logic is intended for argument whereas no one really argues emotion. Imagine a mother scolding her child for breaking into the cookie jar. If the child responds with logic, “but mom, you said I wasn’t allowed a cookie yesterday, but you didn’t say anything about today,” generally the mom is going to argue back.  However if the child responds with emotion, “sorry mom, I wanted a cookie to try to cheer me up,” mom most likely is going to feel a little sorry for and be a little easier on said child whether she gives in to the cookie wish or not. Ways to achieve pathos include emotional stories or examples, vivid descriptions, figurative language such as similes and metaphors, and tone. Pathos pushes people to not only read and comprehend, but to take action.

Ethos

Ethos is the credibility of the writer. Examples of ethos include doctors recommending a health product or a politician trying to destroy the credibility of an opponent. Students find it particularly difficult to achieve credibility when writing persuasive papers because their reputation isn’t always predefined at that moment, but you can still achieve ethos in other ways like using credible sources within research, properly using grammar and vocabulary, writing to the level of the intended audience, and removing bias.

Writing As a Form of Therapy

Stone age projekt in Sweden 8
Image via Wikipedia

According to several academic writing and research studies, an independent research firm found that people, who wrote, as a form of therapy, coped with their conditions better than those who did not write about their feelings. Perhaps this is nothing out of the ordinary, as people have been writing in journals since the Stone Age, but it is interesting how the trend has transformed across several media. Whether it was painting symbols on a cave, using a feather and piece of wool, writing on a traditional notebook, or typing away one’s emotions on the computer.

Contrary to public knowledge, writing is a form of emotional therapy, in addition to school assignment, profession, or “part of life.” While some people love – and hate – writing, it provides an avenue of relief for those who cannot or do not express their emotions. Holding feelings of guilt and remorse often have deadly side effects, but when patients can write down their feelings, it is a huge relief for them and their psychiatrists. Writing, while a chore for some, provides a means of expression for feelings often kept in great secrecy from others.

Keeping a diary, in the age of Blogger and Word Press, often has a different meaning. Surprisingly though, people still keep traditional journals because they are much more secure. Even writing in Word on your computer exposes the information to anyone who wants to hack into your system, which these days is not that hard to accomplish. Public diaries exist, but often do not include these intimate feelings and expressions that are key for dealing with one’s emotions.

Paper diaries are not going anywhere, because societies are increasingly skeptical of storing information on the computer. Fear of security breaches and confidentiality scares most average people from typing rather than using pen and paper. Until their minds are at ease, it is doubtful they will ever be able to write about the same information using the computer. Virtual diaries are popular for people who use it as a form of communication or updating, rather than emotional therapy.

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